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<dcterms:abstract>The comparison of spatial patterns is recognized as an important task in landscape ecology especially when spatially explicit simulation modeling or remote sensing is applied. Yet, there is no agreed procedure for doing that, probably because different problems require different algorithms. We explored a variety of existing algorithms and modified some of them to compare grid-based maps with categorical attributes. A new algorithm based on the “expanding window” approach was developed and compared to other known algorithms. The goal was to offer simple and flexible procedures for comparing spatial patterns in grid based maps that do not take into consideration object shapes and sizes of the maps. The difference between maps was characterized by three values: quantity, location, and distance between corresponding categories in the maps. Combinations of these indices work as good criteria to quantify differences between maps. A web-based survey was set up, in which participants were asked to grade the similarity of ten pairs of maps. These results were then used to compare how well the various algorithms can perform relative to the visual comparisons obtained; they were also used to calibrate existing algorithms .</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Current software tools for visualization of spatio-temporal data, on the one hand, utilize the opportunities provided by modern computer technologies, on the other hand, incorporate the legacy from the conventional cartography. We have considered existing visualization-based techniques for exploratory analysis of spatio-temporal data from two perspectives: (1) what types of spatio-temporal data they are applicable to; (2) what exploratory tasks they can potentially support.

The technique investigation has been based on an operational typology of spatio-temporal data and analytical tasks we specially devised for this purpose. The result of the study is a structured inventory of existing exploratory techniques related to the types of data and tasks they are appropriate for. This result is potentially helpful for data analysts—users of geovisualization tools: it provides guidelines for selection of proper exploratory techniques depending on the characteristics of data to analyze and the goals of analysis. At the same time the inventory as well as the suggested typology of tasks could be useful for tool designers and developers of various domain-specific geovisualization applications. The designers can, on the one hand, see what task types are insufficiently supported by the existing tools and direct their creative activities towards filling the gaps, on the other hand, use the techniques described as basic elements for building new, more sophisticated ones. The application developers can, on the one hand, use the task and data typology in the analysis of potential user needs, on the other hand, appropriately select and combine existing tools in order to satisfy these needs.</dcterms:abstract>

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<dcterms:abstract>Time series of vegetation indices like NDVI are used in numerous applications ranging from ecology to climatology and agriculture. Often, these time series have to be filtered before application. The smoothing removes noise introduced by undetected clouds and poor atmospheric conditions. Ground reference measurements are usually difficult to obtain due to the medium/coarse resolution of the imagery. Hence, new filter algorithms are typically only (visually) assessed against the existing smoother. The present work aims to propose a range of quality indicators that could be useful to qualify filter performance in the absence of ground-based reference measurements. The indicators comprise (i) plausibility checks, (ii) distance metrics and (iii) geostatistical measures derived from variogram analysis. The quality measures can be readily derived from any imagery. For illustration, a large SPOT VGT dataset (1999–2008) covering South America at 1 km spatial resolution was filtered using the Whittaker smoother.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Cluster analysis is an important data mining technique for analyzing large amounts of data, reducing many objects to a limited number of clusters. Cluster visualization techniques aim at supporting the user in better understanding the characteristics and relationships among the found clusters. While promising approaches to visual cluster analysis already exist, these usually fall short of incorporating the quality of the obtained clustering results. However, due to the nature of the clustering process, quality plays an important aspect, as for most practical data sets, typically many di erent clusterings are possible. Being aware of clustering quality is important to judge the expressiveness of a given cluster visualization, or to adjust the clustering process with re ned parameters, among others. In this work, we present an encompassing suite of visual tools for quality assessment of an important visual

cluster algorithm, namely, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) technique. We de ne, measure, and visualize the notion of SOM cluster quality along a hierarchy of cluster abstractions. The quality abstractions range from simple scalar-valued quality scores up to the structural comparison of a given SOM clustering with output of additional supportive clustering methods. The suite of methods allows the user to assess the SOM quality on the appropriate abstraction level, and arrive at improved clustering results. We implement our tools in an integrated system, apply it on experimental data sets, and show its applicability.</dcterms:abstract>

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<dc:title>Climate change 2007: the physical science basis: contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</dc:title>
<dc:date>2007</dc:date>
<z:numPages>996</z:numPages>
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<rdf:value>&quot;Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.&quot;</rdf:value>
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<bib:Memo rdf:about="#item_241">
<rdf:value>Summary for policymakers -- Technical summary -- Historical overview of climate change science -- Changes in atmospheric constituents and radiative forcing -- Observations: atmospheric surface and climate change -- Observations: changes in snow, ice, and frozen ground -- Observations: ocean climate change and sea level -- Paleoclimate -- Coupling between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry -- Climate models and their evaluation -- Understanding and attributing climate change -- Global climate projections -- Regional climate projections -- Annex I: Glossary -- Annex II: Contributors to the IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report -- Annex III: Reviewers of the IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report -- Annex IV: Acronyms</rdf:value>
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<foaf:surname>Chandler</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Paul</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:surname>Sweller</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>John</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Cognitive Load Theory and the Format of Instruction</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Cognitive load theory suggests that effective instructional material facilitates learning by directing cognitive resources toward activities that are relevant to learning rather than toward preliminaries to learning. One example of ineffective instruction occurs if learners unnecessarily are required to mentally integrate disparate sources of mutually referring information such as separate text and diagrams. Such split-source information may generate a heavy cognitive load, because material must be mentally integrated before learning can commence. This article reports findings from six experiments testing the consequences of split-source and integrated information using electrical engineering and biology instructional materials. Experiment 1 was designed to compare conventional instructions with integrated instructions over a period of several months in an industrial training setting. The materials chosen were unintelligible without mental integration. Results favored integrated instructions throughout the 3-month study. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the possible differences between conventional and integrated instructions in areas in which it was not essential for sources of information to be integrated to be understood. The results suggest that integrated instructions were no better than split-source information in such areas. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 indicate that the introduction of seemingly useful but nonessential explanatory material (e.g., a commentary on a diagram) could have deleterious effects even when presented in integrated format. Experiment 6 found that the need for physical integration was restored if the material was organized in such a manner that individual units could not be understood alone. In light of these results and previous findings, suggestions are made for cognitively guided instructional packages.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>293-332</bib:pages>
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<dc:title>Cognition and Instruction</dc:title>
<prism:volume>8</prism:volume>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>ISSN 0737-0008</dc:identifier>
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<foaf:name>Oxford University Press</foaf:name>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Paivio</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Allan</foaf:givenname>
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<z:AutomaticTag>
<rdf:value>Language Arts &amp; Disciplines / Linguistics / Psycholinguistics</rdf:value>
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<dc:subject>
<z:AutomaticTag>
<rdf:value>Psychology / Cognitive Psychology</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach</dc:title>
<dc:date>1990</dc:date>
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<z:language>en</z:language>
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<dc:title>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</dc:title>
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<prism:number>1</prism:number>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Turner</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>M G</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process</dc:title>
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<dc:date>1989</dc:date>
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<z:AutomaticTag>
<rdf:value>Closeness to nature</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>Indicators of hemeroby for the monitoring of landscapes in Germany</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>The article discusses the concepts of “closeness to nature” and “hemeroby”, and outlines a method to establish two indicators of hemeroby. Until now Germany's national land use monitoring systems have lacked an indicator to capture the naturalness respectively hemeroby of the landscape. Based on digital spatial data on land use (DLM-DE) and the mapping of potential natural vegetation, these indicators have now been estimated for the whole of Germany and illustrated cartographically. The indicators have been integrated into a land use monitoring system (IOER-Monitor). A hemeroby index that considers all hemeroby classes of a reference area (e.g. administrative unit and regular grid cell) is presented as well as an indicator named “Proportion of certain natural areas”. The results on hemeroby of several time-cuts can be used to estimate the cumulative impact of land use changes on the environmental status.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>279-289</bib:pages>
<dc:date>June 2014</dc:date>
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<bib:Journal rdf:about="urn:issn:1617-1381">
<dc:title>Journal for Nature Conservation</dc:title>
<prism:volume>22</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<dcterms:alternative>Journal for Nature Conservation</dcterms:alternative>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1016/j.jnc.2014.01.007</dc:identifier>
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<dcterms:abstract>This study compares the skills of professional geographers and the needs of employer organizations across major sectors of the U.S. workforce. Following a series of focus groups, two surveys were developed to explore: (1) the extent to which specific skills were performed by geographers in different professional positions, and (2) the value of and anticipated demand for those skills from the perspective of employers. Overall, respondents in the focus groups and both surveys emphasized the need for general skills ranging from time management and writing ability to information management and computer literacy. Employers also cited many geographic skills as being vital for enhancing the work of professionals in all types of organizations. Competency in field methods, the ability to work across disciplinary boundaries, and spatial thinking were three skill areas that characterized the work of geographic professionals irrespective of specialty.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:date>2008</dc:date>
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<dc:title>Go to statement considered harmful</dc:title>
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<dc:date>1968</dc:date>
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<prism:number>1</prism:number>
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<dc:title>LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: What Is the State of the Science?</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Landscape ecology focuses on the reciprocal interactions between spatial pattern and ecological processes, and it is well integrated with ecology. The field has grown rapidly over the past 15 years. The persistent influence of land-use history and natural disturbance on contemporary ecosystems has become apparent. Development of pattern metrics has largely stabilized, and they are widely used to relate landscape pattern to ecological responses. Analyses conducted at multiple scales have demonstrated the importance of landscape pattern for many taxa, and spatially mediated interspecific interactions are receiving increased attention. Disturbance remains prominent in landscape studies, and current research is addressing disturbance interactions. Integration of ecosystem and landscape ecology remains challenging but should enhance understanding of landscape function. Landscape ecology should continue to refine knowledge of when spatial heterogeneity is fundamentally important, rigorously test the generality of its concepts, and develop a more mechanistic understanding of the relationships between pattern and process.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>319-344</bib:pages>
<dc:date>2005</dc:date>
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<dc:title>What is Special About Spatial Data? Alternative Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>The analysis of spatial data has always played a central role in the quantitative scientific tradition in geography. Recently, there have appeared a considerable number of publications devoted to presenting research results and to assessing the state of the art.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Instructional theory describes a variety of methods of instruction (different ways of facilitating human learning and development) and when to use--and not use--each of those methods. It is about how to help people learn better. This volume provides a concise summary of a broad sampling of new methods of instruction currently under development, helps show the interrelationships among these diverse theories, and highlights current issues and trends in instructional design. It is a sequel to Instructional-Design Theories and Models: An Overview of Their Current Status, which provided a &quot;snapshot in time&quot; of the status of instructional theory in the early 1980s. Dramatic changes in the nature of instructional theory have occurred since then, partly in response to advances in knowledge about the human brain and learning theory, partly due to shifts in educational philosophies and beliefs, and partly in response to advances in information technologies. These changes have made new methods of instruction not only possible, but also necessary in order to take advantage of new instructional capabilities offered by the new technologies. These changes are so dramatic that many argue they constitute a new paradigm of instruction, which requires a new paradigm of instructional theory. In short, there is a clear need for this Volume II of Instructional Design Theories and Models. To attain the broad sampling of methods and theories it presents, and to make this book more useful for practitioners as well as graduate students interested in education and training, this volume contains twice as many chapters, but each half as long as the ones in Volume I, and the descriptions are generally less technical. Several unique features are provided by the editor to help readers understand and compare the theories in this book: *Chapter 1, which discusses the characteristics of instructional theory and the nature of the new paradigm of instruction, helps the reader identify commonalities across the theories. *Chapter forewords, which summarize the major elements of the instructional-design theories, are useful for reviewing and comparing theories, as well as for previewing a theory to decide if it is of interest, and for developing a general schema that will make it easier to understand. *Editor's notes provide additional help in understanding and comparing the theories and the new paradigm of instruction to which they belong. *Units 2 and 4 have introductory chapters to help readers analyze and understand the theories in those units. This is an essential book for anyone interested in exploring new approaches to fostering human learning and development and thinking creatively about ways to best meet the needs of learners in all kinds of learning contexts. Readers are invited to use Dr. Charles Reigeluth's Web site to comment and to view others' comments about the instructional design theories in this book, as well as other theories. Point your browser to: www.indiana.edu/~idtheory</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Semi-empirical topographic normalization methods (e.g., C-correction) have been widely used to correct illumination differences in optical satellite data. The objective of this study was to examine the precision and accuracy of the C-correction's empirical parameter, c, as a function of the sample from which it was derived. Three sampling methods were compared: a random sample, a sample stratified on north and south aspects, and a sample stratified by cosine of the solar incidence angle, i. In the latter, power allocation was used to determine the quantity of observations for each stratum. Four overlapping satellite images were used (two Landsat 5 TM and two SPOT 5 HRG) with different acquisition dates and large solar zenith angles over an alpine region in Sweden. The sample stratified by cosine of i produced c with the highest precision from repeated trials and had coefficients of determination (R2) twice as high as those from the other sampling methods. Use of power allocation in the cosine of i stratified sample enabled better representation of spectral variability; this was particularly important for the NIR band where the outcome of c differed according to sampling method. Evaluations using t-tests and classification accuracy showed that c derived from the cosine of i stratified sample correctly normalized a larger percentage of the evaluation data. The distribution of cosine of i in the study area, the spectral variability and vegetation types exert influences to consider when sampling to derive c. Although sampling was restricted to alpine vegetation only, some vegetation classes may have benefitted from separate c-parameter calculation. In general, dry alpine heath and alpine grass heath had relatively higher c-parameters, mesic alpine heath was slightly lower, and alpine willow and alpine meadow had lower c-parameters for the near-infrared band. The cosine of i stratified sampling method using power allocation may be useful for calculation of c for vegetation conditions other than those presented here, as well as for other empirical parameters (e.g., the Minnaert constant, k).</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:title>Death to Kappa: birth of quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement for accuracy assessment</dc:title>
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<bib:pages>4407-4429</bib:pages>
<dc:date>2011</dc:date>
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<dc:title>Medienkompetenz</dc:title>
<dc:date>1999</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Baacke1999</z:shortTitle>
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<dc:title>Distance to nature—A new biodiversity relevant environmental indicator set at the landscape level</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>The ongoing worldwide biodiversity crisis comes along with a growing demand for feasible environmental indicators to measure, evaluate and communicate anthropogenic influence on biodiversity. Those indicators can be useful tools for national and regional management and support decision making processes. We propose degree of naturalness (Nd), distance to natural habitat (Dn) and the composite index distance to nature (D2N) as a highly comprehensible environmental indicator set that can be used as surrogate for land use related anthropogenic influence on biodiversity. A high resolution naturalness map for Austria based on the best nationwide available land use data was produced and used to test and demonstrate the applicability of the indicator set. Spatially inclusive and comprehensive indicator maps were calculated for the entire country (83,872 km2). Exemplary indicator values for all 2359 municipalities and six altitudinal zones were calculated and evaluated. Indicator maps of Austria clearly delimitate regions with elevated anthropogenic pressure on biodiversity due to land use characteristics. A sensitivity analysis conducted to evaluate the effect of land use data with different spatial and thematic resolution on the indicators showed that Dn reacts sensitive to spatially more detailed information about natural and near natural habitats. By contrast Nd and D2N were robust regarding the spatial and thematic resolution of input data. The proposed indicators do not measure biodiversity or a part of it directly, but the degree of habitat changes caused by anthropogenic land use, therefore they can be used for analysis over wide geographic ranges including different bio-geographic or climatic zones, and different spatial scales.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>208-216</bib:pages>
<dc:date>April 2012</dc:date>
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<bib:Journal rdf:about="urn:issn:1470-160X">
<dc:title>Ecological Indicators</dc:title>
<prism:volume>15</prism:volume>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<dcterms:alternative>Ecological Indicators</dcterms:alternative>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.027</dc:identifier>
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<dc:title>Learning and Instruction</dc:title>
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<dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>
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<rdf:value>Propositional representations</rdf:value>
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<dc:subject>
<z:AutomaticTag>
<rdf:value>Support of mental model construction</rdf:value>
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<dc:subject>
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<rdf:value>Text comprehension</rdf:value>
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<dcterms:abstract>This paper presents an integrated view of learning from verbal and pictorial representations. Learning from these representations is considered as a task oriented process of constructing multiple mental representations. Construction of these representations includes information selection and information organisation, parsing of symbol structures, mapping of analog structures as well as model construction and model inspection. Based on this theoretical view an experiment was conducted to analyse the effects of different kinds of multiple external representations on the structure of mental models. Sixty university students were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions. The text-only group learned the subject matter with a hypertext, whereas the other two groups learned the subject matter with a hypermedium including this hypertext and different kinds of graphics. The findings indicate that the structure of graphics affects the structure of the mental model. They also indicate that presenting graphics is not always beneficial for the acquisition of knowledge. Whereas task-appropriate graphics may support learning, task-inappropriate graphics may interfere with mental model construction.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>141-156</bib:pages>
<dc:date>April 2003</dc:date>
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<dc:title>Learning and Instruction</dc:title>
<prism:volume>14</prism:volume>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
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<foaf:givenname>G.</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:givenname>M.</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: teaching strategies</dc:title>
<bib:pages>359-379</bib:pages>
<dc:date>2004</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>tenDam2004</z:shortTitle>
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<foaf:surname>Riaño</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>D.</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:givenname>E.</foaf:givenname>
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<z:AutomaticTag><rdf:value>C method</rdf:value></z:AutomaticTag>
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<rdf:value>Digital elevation models</rdf:value>
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<dc:subject>
<z:AutomaticTag><rdf:value>performance</rdf:value></z:AutomaticTag>
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<dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>
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<dc:title>Assessment of different topographic corrections in Landsat-TM data for mapping vegetation types (2003)</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Different methods for topographic correction of Landsat Thematic Mapper images have been assessed in the context of mapping vegetation types. The best results were obtained with a variation of the C method, which takes into account the overcorrection of low illuminated slopes by the original C method. The performance of this method was tested using two criteria: the changes in the spectral characteristics of the image and the reduction in standard deviation of each vegetation type after the correction.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>1056-1061</bib:pages>
<dc:date>May 2003</dc:date>
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<z:libraryCatalog>IEEE Xplore</z:libraryCatalog>
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<bib:Journal rdf:about="urn:issn:0196-2892">
<dc:title>IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</dc:title>
<prism:volume>41</prism:volume>
<prism:number>5</prism:number>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.811693</dc:identifier>
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<foaf:surname>Martin</foaf:surname>
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<dc:title>An Introduction to Feedback</dc:title>
<dc:date>1997</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Martin1997b</z:shortTitle>
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<bib:Article rdf:about="http://www.alpenverein.de/chameleon/public/e73377b2-4b18-f439-1392-c5758cd00d88/Panorama-2-2012-Prominente-Berge_19663.pdf">
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<foaf:surname>Rauch</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>C.</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Der perfekte Gipfel</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Was ist die wahre Größe eines Berges? Mit geowissen-

schaftlichen Kennzahlen und Formeln lässt sich bestimmen, wie bedeutsam ein Gipfel ist. Aber nicht nur Zahlen machen einen Berg berühmt – der Mensch bestimmt, was ihm gefällt. Christian Rauch begibt sich auf die Suche nach den Maß- stäben in der Gebirgswelt.</dcterms:abstract>

<dc:date>2012</dc:date>
<bib:pages>112-117</bib:pages>
<z:shortTitle>Rauch2012</z:shortTitle>
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<bib:Journal>
<dc:title>Journal of Visual Languages &amp; Computing</dc:title>
<prism:volume>22</prism:volume>
<prism:number>4</prism:number>
<dcterms:alternative>Journal of Visual Languages &amp; Computing</dcterms:alternative>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1016/j.jvlc.2011.03.002</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>ISSN 1045-926X</dc:identifier>
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<foaf:surname>Schumann</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Heidrun</foaf:givenname>
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<rdf:value>and modified Minnaert methods</rdf:value>
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<dcterms:abstract>A comparison of topographic correction methods is conducted for Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and SPOT-5 imagery from different geographic areas and seasons. Three successful and known methods are compared: the semi-empirical C correction, the Gamma correction depending on the incidence and exitance angles, and a modified Minnaert approach. In the majority of cases the modified Minnaert approach performed best, but no method is superior in all cases.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>184-196</bib:pages>
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<dcterms:abstract>We estimated the world’s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information, tracking 60 analog and digital technologies during the period from 1986 to 2007. In 2007, humankind was able to store 2.9 × 1020 optimally compressed bytes, communicate almost 2 × 1021 bytes, and carry out 6.4 × 1018 instructions per second on general-purpose computers. General-purpose computing capacity grew at an annual rate of 58%. The world’s capacity for bidirectional telecommunication grew at 28% per year, closely followed by the increase in globally stored information (23%). Humankind’s capacity for unidirectional information diffusion through broadcasting channels has experienced comparatively modest annual growth (6%). Telecommunication has been dominated by digital technologies since 1990 (99.9% in digital format in 2007), and the majority of our technological memory has been in digital format since the early 2000s (94% digital in 2007).</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Many interesting analysis problems (e.g. disease surveillance) would become more tractable if their spatio-temporal structure was better understood. Specifically, it would be helpful to be able to identify autocorrelation in space and time simultaneously. Some of the most commonly used measures of spatial association are LISA statistics, such as the Local Moran's I or the Getis-Ord Gi*; however, these have not been applied to the spatio-temporal case (including many time steps) because of computational limitations. We have implemented a spatio-temporal version of the Local Moran's I and claimed two advances: first, we exploit the fact that there are a limited number of topological relationships present in the data to make Monte Carlo's estimation of probability densities computationally practical, and thereby bypass the ‘curse of dimensionality’. We term this approach ‘spatial memoization’. Second, we developed a tool (LISTA-Viz) for interacting with the spatio-temporal structure uncovered by the statistics that contains a novel coordination strategy. The potential usefulness of the method and the associated tool are illustrated by an analysis of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, with the finding that there was a critical spatio-temporal ‘inflection point’ at which the pandemic changed its character in the United States.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. This article discusses new insights about such problems and the conditions most likely to favor sustainable uses of common-pool resources. Some of the most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Forests provide multiple benefits at local to global scales. These include the global public good of carbon sequestration and local and national level contributions to livelihoods for more than half a billion users. Forest commons are a particularly important class of forests generating these multiple benefits. Institutional arrangements to govern forest commons are believed to substantially influence carbon storage and livelihood contributions, especially when they incorporate local knowledge and decentralized decision making. However, hypothesized relationships between institutional factors and multiple benefits have never been tested on data from multiple countries. By using original data on 80 forest commons in 10 countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, we show that larger forest size and greater rule-making autonomy at the local level are associated with high carbon storage and livelihood benefits; differences in ownership of forest commons are associated with trade-offs between livelihood benefits and carbon storage. We argue that local communities restrict their consumption of forest products when they own forest commons, thereby increasing carbon storage. In showing rule-making autonomy and ownership as distinct and important institutional influences on forest outcomes, our results are directly relevant to international climate change mitigation initiatives such as Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and avoided deforestation. Transfer of ownership over larger forest commons patches to local communities, coupled with payments for improved carbon storage can contribute to climate change mitigation without adversely affecting local livelihoods.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:title>Hinterfragen als alltägliche und fachliche Praxis.</dc:title>
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<dcterms:abstract>First, we propose a theory of multimedia learning based on the assumptions that humans possess separate systems for processing pictorial and verbal material (dual-channel assumption), each channel is limited in the amount of material that can be processed at one time (limited-capacity assumption), and meaningful learning involves cognitive processing including building connections between pictorial and verbal representations (active-processing assumption). Second, based on the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, we examine the concept of cognitive overload in which the learner's intended cognitive processing exceeds the learner's available cognitive capacity. Third, we examine five overload scenarios. For each overload scenario, we offer one or two theory-based suggestions for reducing cognitive load, and we summarize our research results aimed at testing the effectiveness of each suggestion. Overall, our analysis shows that cognitive load is a central consideration in the design of multimedia instruction.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>In this article, we present a methodological framework, based on georeferenced house-level socio-demographic and infrastructure data, for investigating minority (or ethnic) group residential pattern dynamics in cities. This methodology, which uses visual analytical tools, is meant to help researchers examine how local land-use configurations shape minorities' residential dynamics and, thereby, affect the level of minority–majority segregation. This methodology responds to the need to refer to the relationship between local land-use configurations and the identity of a building's residents, without simultaneously revealing sensitive house-related details. The research was instantiated on the residential patterns exhibited by the Arab community in Jaffa, Israel. The residential data were collected for over 40 years at four different moments, each associated with the population and housing censuses conducted by Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of the Interior. Using this methodology enabled us to remain on the level of the individual building when identifying the relationships between spatial land-use configurations and rates of change in ethnic composition and the Arab community's residence pattern dynamics at different geographical scales. It likewise allowed us to identify the qualitative changes in the population's residential preferences during the pattern's development.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:abstract>Voluminous geographic data have been, and continue to be, collected with modern data acquisition techniques such as global positioning systems (GPS), high-resolution remote sensing, location-aware services and surveys, and internet-based volunteered geographic information. There is an urgent need for effective and efficient methods to extract unknown and unexpected information from spatial data sets of unprecedentedly large size, high dimensionality, and complexity. To address these challenges, spatial data mining and geographic knowledge discovery has emerged as an active research field, focusing on the development of theory, methodology, and practice for the extraction of useful information and knowledge from massive and complex spatial databases.

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<dc:title>Landscape Ecology. Directions and Approaches.</dc:title>
<dc:date>1984</dc:date>
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<dc:title>Allerton Park workshop, Illinois, 1983</dc:title>
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<dcterms:abstract>Movement data link together space, time, and objects positioned in space and time. They hold valuable and multifaceted information about moving objects, properties of space and time as well as events and processes occurring in space and time. We present a conceptual framework that describes in a systematic and comprehensive way the possible types of information that can be extracted from movement data and on this basis defines the respective types of analytical tasks. Tasks are distinguished according to the type of information they target and according to the level of analysis, which may be elementary (i.e. addressing specific elements of a set) or synoptic (i.e. addressing a set or subsets). We also present a taxonomy of generic analytic techniques, in which the types of tasks are linked to the corresponding classes of techniques that can support fulfilling them. We include techniques from several research fields: visualization and visual analytics, geographic information science, database technology, and data mining.

We expect the taxonomy to be valuable for analysts and researchers. Analysts will receive guidance in choosing suitable analytic techniques for their data and tasks. Researchers will learn what approaches exist in different fields and compare or relate them to the approaches they are going to undertake.</dcterms:abstract>

<bib:pages>213-232</bib:pages>
<dc:date>June 2011</dc:date>
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<dcterms:abstract>Predator—prey theory is traced from its origins in the Malthus—Verhulst logistic equations, through the Lotka—Volterra equations, logistic modifications to both prey and predator equations, incorporation of the Michaelis—Menten—Holling functional response into the predator and prey equations, and the recent development of ratio—dependent functional responses and per—capita rate of change functions. Some of the problems of classical predator–prey theory, including the paradoxes of enrichment and biological control, seem to have been caused by the application of the principle of mass action to predator–prey interactions. Predator–prey models that evolved from logistic theory or that incorporate ratio—dependent functional responses do not have these problems and also seem to be more biologically plausible. See full-text article at JSTOR</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:title>Principal Component Analysis for Hyperspectral Image Classification</dc:title>
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<foaf:surname>van der Putten</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:surname>Westphal</foaf:surname>
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<dc:subject>
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<z:AutomaticTag><rdf:value>beta diversity</rdf:value></z:AutomaticTag>
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<rdf:value>insurance hypothesis</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human-modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: ‘landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns' includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis—the size of the landscape-wide species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis—landscape-moderated dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape-wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: ‘landscape moderation of population dynamics' includes (3) the cross-habitat spillover hypothesis—landscape-moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats, including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape-wide community structure and associated processes and (4) the landscape-moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis—spatial and temporal changes in landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populations with functional consequences. Section C: ‘landscape moderation of functional trait selection’ includes (5) the landscape-moderated functional trait selection hypothesis—landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community assembly, and (6) the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis—landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: ‘landscape constraints on conservation management' includes (7) the intermediate landscape-complexity hypothesis—landscape-moderated effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape-moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service management hypothesis—landscape-moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape-moderated effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>661-685</bib:pages>
<dc:date>August 1, 2012</dc:date>
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<dc:rights>© 2012 The Authors. Biological Reviews © 2012 Cambridge Philosophical Society</dc:rights>
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<dc:title>Biological Reviews</dc:title>
<prism:volume>87</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
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<dc:title>International Journal of Geographical Information Science</dc:title>
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<dc:title>Assessing the quality of geoscientific simulation models with visual analytics methods – a design study</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Simulation models are essential means of scientific knowledge building and also the basis for decision-making. Because of their relevance, they have to be assessed thoroughly with respect to their quality. Simulation model assessment comprises two challenges: (a) modelers have to create a comprehensive mental image of the model's quality despite the massive multidimensional, multivariate, and often heterogeneous data; and (b) the model assessment process should be as efficient as possible. We face these challenges with a visual analytics approach. We aim at developing interactive visual representations which, in combination with present computational analysis methods, support the scientist's reasoning process to enhance the assessment of simulation models. In a design study, we analyzed two exemplary reasoning processes which cover the main model assessment procedures: the evaluation of the internal coherence of the model's structure and behavior and the assessment of its empirical validity. The analysis was conducted by means of a user- and task-centered approach which combines several knowledge elicitation techniques and task analysis concepts. We derived domain tasks as well as cognitive actions and developed and implemented interactive visualization components which supplement the statistical analysis methods already used. An informal qualitative user study shows that our visual analytics approach and tools help gain a more detailed mental image and hence a better understanding of the data and the underlying simulation model and allow for a faster and more comprehensive assessment of the simulation model.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>1459-1479</bib:pages>
<dc:date>2010</dc:date>
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<dcterms:abstract>This article examines learning strategies that promote meaningful learning from expository text as evidenced by problem-solving transfer. The teaching of learning strategies involves decisions concerning what to teach, how to teach, where to teach, and when to teach. The teaching of learning strategies also depends on the teacher's conception of learners as response strengtheners, information processors, or sense makers. Three cognitive processes involved in meaningful learning are selecting relevant information from what is presented, organizing selected information into a coherent representation, and integrating presented information with existing knowledge. Finally, exemplary programs for teaching of learning strategies are presented. The most effective method for teaching students how to make sense out of expository text is for students to participate in selecting, organizing, and integrating information within the context of authentic academic tasks.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:title>Sustainability, autonomy, and benefits from forest commons</dc:title>
<bib:pages>E52-E52</bib:pages>
<dc:date>04/06/2010</dc:date>
<z:language>en</z:language>
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<foaf:name>Herodot Network for Geography in higher education</foaf:name>
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<foaf:givenname>Karl</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Aspects of the State of Geography in European higher education</dc:title>
<dc:date>2007</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Donert2007</z:shortTitle>
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<dc:title>A Short History of Mathematical Population Dynamics</dc:title>
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<rdf:value>Genetics and Population Dynamics</rdf:value>
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<z:AutomaticTag>
<rdf:value>History of Mathematics</rdf:value>
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<rdf:value>Mathematical Biology in General</rdf:value>
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<rdf:value>Popular Science in Mathematics/Computer Science/Natural Science/Technology</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>Lotka, Volterra and the predator–prey system (1920–1926)</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>In 1920 Alfred Lotka studied a predator–prey model and showed that the populations could oscillate permanently. He developed this study in his 1925 book Elements of Physical Biology. In 1926 the Italian mathematician Vito Volterra happened to become interested in the same model to answer a question raised by the biologist Umberto d’Ancona: why were there more predator fish caught by the fishermen in the Adriatic Sea during the First World War, when the fishing effort was low?</dcterms:abstract>
<dc:date>2011/01/01</dc:date>
<bib:pages>71-76</bib:pages>
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<foaf:name>Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geographie DGfG</foaf:name>
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<dc:title>Bildungsstandards im Fach Geographie für den Mittleren Schulabschluss mit Aufgabenbeispielen</dc:title>
<dc:date>2012</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>DGFG2012</z:shortTitle>
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<rdf:value>http://www.geographie.de/docs/geographie_bildungsstandards.pdf</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>Remote Sensing of Environment</dc:title>
<prism:volume>24</prism:volume>
<prism:number>3</prism:number>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1016/0034-4257(88)90019-3</dc:identifier>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Chavez Jr.</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Pat S.</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>An improved dark-object subtraction technique for atmospheric scattering correction of multispectral data</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Digital analysis of remotely sensed data has become an important component of many earth-science studies. These data are often processed through a set of preprocessing or “clean-up” routines that includes a correction for atmospheric scattering, often called haze. Various methods to correct or remove the additive haze component have been developed, including the widely used dark-object subtraction technique. A problem with most of these methods is that the haze values for each spectral band are selected independently. This can create problems because atmospheric scattering is highly wavelength-dependent in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and the scattering values are correlated with each other. Therefore, multispectral data such as from the Landsat Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner must be corrected with haze values that are spectral band dependent. An improved dark-object subtraction technique is demonstrated that allows the user to select a relative atmospheric scattering model to predict the haze values for all the spectral bands from a selected starting band haze value. The improved method normalizes the predicted haze values for the different gain and offset parameters used by the imaging system. Examples of haze value differences between the old and improved methods for Thematic Mapper Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 are 40.0, 13.0, 12.0, 8.0, 5.0, and 2.0 vs. 40.0, 13.2, 8.9, 4.9, 16.7, and 3.3, respectively, using a relative scattering model of a clear atmosphere. In one Landsat multispectral scanner image the haze value differences for Bands 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 30.0, 50.0, 50.0, and 40.0 for the old method vs. 30.0, 34.4, 43.6, and 6.4 for the new method using a relative scattering model of a hazy atmosphere.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>459-479</bib:pages>
<dc:date>1988</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Chavez1988</z:shortTitle>
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<vcard:Address>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Dasgupta</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Papadimitriou</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Christos H.</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Vazirani</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Umesh Virkumar</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:subject>
<z:AutomaticTag><rdf:value>Algorithms</rdf:value></z:AutomaticTag>
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<dc:subject>
<z:AutomaticTag>
<rdf:value>Computer algorithms</rdf:value>
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</dc:subject>
<dc:title>Algorithms</dc:title>
<dc:date>2008</dc:date>
<z:numPages>320</z:numPages>
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<z:shortTitle>Dasgupta2008</z:shortTitle>
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<z:libraryCatalog>Library of Congress ISBN</z:libraryCatalog>
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<foaf:name>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</foaf:name>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Coronado</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Alan E.</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Forrester</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Jay</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Beginner Modeling Exercises - Section 4: Mental Simulation: Adding Constant Flows</dc:title>
<dc:date>1996</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Coronado1996</z:shortTitle>
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<dcterms:URI>
<rdf:value>http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-988-system-dynamics-self-study-fall-1998-spring-1999/readings/constant.pdf</rdf:value>
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<dcterms:dateSubmitted>2013-05-29 12:59:47</dcterms:dateSubmitted>
<dc:description>Vensim Examples added 2001</dc:description>
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<foaf:surname>Fortin</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:surname>Boots</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>B.</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:surname>Csillag</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:surname>Remmel</foaf:surname>
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<dc:title>On the role of spatial stochastic models in understanding landscape indices in ecology</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Spatial stochastic models play an important role in understanding and predicting the behaviour of complex systems. Such models may be implemented with explicit knowledge of only a limited number of parameters relating to spatial relationships among locations. Consequently, they are often used instead of deterministic-mechanistic models, which may potentially require an unrealistically large number of parameters. Currently, in contrast to spatial stochastic models, the parameterization of the joint spatial distribution of objects in landscape models is more often implicit than explicit. Here, we investigate the similarities and differences between bona fide spatial stochastic models and landscape models by focusing mostly on the relationships between processes, their realizations (patterns), representation and measurement, and their use in exploratory as well as confirmatory data analysis. One of the most important outcomes of recognizing the importance of stochastic processes is the acknowledgement that the spatial pattern observed in a landscape is only one realization of that process. Hence, while ecologists have been using landscape pattern indices (LPIs) to characterize landscape heterogeneity and/or make inferences about processes shaping the landscape, no stochastic modelling framework has been developed for their proper statistical elucidation. Consequently, several (mis)uses of LPIs draw conclusions about landscapes which are suspect. We show that several reports about sensitivities of LPIs to measurements have common roots that can be made explicitly manageable by adopting stochastic models of spatial structure. The key parameters of these stochastic models are composition and configuration, which, in general, cannot be estimated independently from each other. We outline how to develop the stochastic framework to interpret observations and make some recommendations to practitioners about everyday usage. The conceptual linkages between patterns and processes are particularly important in light of recent efforts to bridge the static-structural and the dynamic-analytic traditions of ecology.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>203–212</bib:pages>
<dc:date>2003</dc:date>
<z:language>en</z:language>
<z:shortTitle>Fortin2003</z:shortTitle>
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<dcterms:dateSubmitted>2013-12-03 13:51:30</dcterms:dateSubmitted>
<z:libraryCatalog>Wiley Online Library</z:libraryCatalog>
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<bib:Journal rdf:about="urn:issn:1600-0706">
<dc:title>Oikos</dc:title>
<prism:volume>102</prism:volume>
<prism:number>1</prism:number>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12447.x</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>ISSN 1600-0706</dc:identifier>
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<dc:title>International Journal of Geographical Information Science</dc:title>
<prism:volume>24</prism:volume>
<prism:number>10</prism:number>
<dc:identifier>DOI 10.1080/13658816.2010.508043</dc:identifier>
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<foaf:surname>Andrienko</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Gennady</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:surname>Andrienko</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:surname>Jern</foaf:surname>
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<foaf:givenname>Menno-Jan</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:surname>Schumann</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Heidrun</foaf:givenname>
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<foaf:surname>Tominski</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Christian</foaf:givenname>
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<dc:title>Space, time and visual analytics</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>Visual analytics aims to combine the strengths of human and electronic data processing. Visualisation, whereby humans and computers cooperate through graphics, is the means through which this is achieved. Seamless and sophisticated synergies are required for analysing spatio-temporal data and solving spatio-temporal problems. In modern society, spatio-temporal analysis is not solely the business of professional analysts. Many citizens need or would be interested in undertaking analysis of information in time and space. Researchers should find approaches to deal with the complexities of the current data and problems and find ways to make analytical tools accessible and usable for the broad community of potential users to support spatio-temporal thinking and contribute to solving a large range of problems.</dcterms:abstract>
<bib:pages>1577-1600</bib:pages>
<dc:date>2010</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Adrienko2010</z:shortTitle>
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<dcterms:dateSubmitted>2014-01-06 07:55:59</dcterms:dateSubmitted>
<z:archive>http://www.geo.uzh.ch/~sara/pubs/andrienko_etal_ijgis10.pdf</z:archive>
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<foaf:Person>
<foaf:surname>Bossel</foaf:surname>
<foaf:givenname>Hartmut</foaf:givenname>
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<link:link rdf:resource="#item_219"/>
<link:link rdf:resource="#item_225"/>
<dc:title>Dynamics of forest dieback: Systems analysis and simulation</dc:title>
<dcterms:abstract>The dynamics of tree growth under pollution damage affecting leaves and/or feeder roots have been studied using two dynamic models of basic tree processes. The first model (BAUMTOD) purposely uses relative quantities and a simple model, the second (SPRUCE) employs parameter data for spruce (Picea abies) and a more complex model formulation including e.g. seasonal effects. In the absence of pollution, this model reproduces normal growth data for spruce.

As the impairment of leaves and/or feeder roots due to chronic pollution increases, growth at first slows down, and the tree enters a ‘stagnation mode’. If the chronic pollution remains ‘subcritical’, the tree may survive ‘indefinitely’ in the stagnation mode. However, if the chronic pollution becomes ‘supercritical’, the tree enters a ‘breakdown mode’ and will collapse suddenly. This collapse may take place even after many years of constant pollution stress and despite a ‘healthy’ appearance until about 2 years before the tree dies.

Both models produce the three distinct behavioural modes: (1) growth, (2) stagnation, and (3) breakdown. The respective regions of dynamic behaviour are presented as a function of leaf and feeder root damage, and of tree age. The analysis suggests that the currently observed dieback of forests in many countries may be the ‘natural’ response to long-term (supercritical) chronic pollution stress. The simulations also suggest that only a rapid and drastic reduction of air pollution will be able to save the affected forests.</dcterms:abstract>

<bib:pages>259-288</bib:pages>
<dc:date>December 1986</dc:date>
<z:shortTitle>Bossel1986</z:shortTitle>
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